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EXPLORING SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION AND IT’S IMPACT ON THE PSYCHOSOMATIC HEALTH OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN WESTERN ODISHA: A GENDER AND BMI PERSPECTIVE
1Research Scholar, School of Statistics, Gangadhar Meher University, Amruta Vihar, Sambalpur 768004, Odisha, India, 2Assistant Professor & Head, School of Statistics, Gangadhar Meher
University, Amruta Vihar, Sambalpur- 768004, Odisha, India.
Correspondence: Deepak Kumar Behera, e-mail : dkbehera4@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: The prevalent issue of university students excessively utilizing social networking
sites (SNSs) has raised significant apprehension due to its potential for cyber addiction and
detrimental impact on psychosomatic health. Aim: The objective of this study was to explore the
potential associations between addiction to SNSs, gender, body mass index (BMI), and health
problems (HPs) in university students from Western Odisha. Methods and Materials: A survey
consisting of a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 300 individuals, comprising
149(49.6%) males and 151 (50.33%) females enrolled in GM University and Sambalpur University
Institute of Information Technology respectively. The gathered data underwent analysis and
interpretation utilizing Microsoft Excel and SPSS 26.00. Results: Significant positive correlation
between SNS addiction and BMI status. Gender differences in BMI status (x
2= 24.626, p<0.01),
number of accounts (x
2= 34.048, p<0.01), and HP score (x
2= 49.984, p<0.01). No significant difference between gender and SNS addiction (x 2= 1.031, p>0.05) or academic performance
(x
2= 11.881, p<0.05). Males had higher BMI status (mean rank= 169.04) than females (mean
rank= 132.21) (H= 17.593, p<0.01). Females had higher HP score (mean rank= 161.37) than
males (mean rank= 139.49) (H= 4.813, p<0.05). Males had more SNS accounts (mean rank=
167.57) than females (mean rank= 133.65) (H= 11.825, p<0.01). No significant difference in SNS addiction between males (mean rank= 146.31) and females (mean rank= 154.64) (H= 1.031, p>0.05). Conclusion: Excessive SNS addiction correlated with higher BMI in university students.
Gender influenced BMI, number of SNS accounts, and HP score. Preventive measures are essential to address the detrimental impact on students’ well-being. The study highlights the adverse
repercussions of SNS addiction on university students’ health in Western Odisha. Insights can
aid healthcare practitioners, educators, and policymakers in formulating preventive measures.
Keywords: Social Networking Sites (SNSs), Cyber Addiction (CA), Body Mass Index (BMI),
Psychosomatic Health (PH).
INTRODUCTION
Social media platforms have become an integral part of modern life, with an increasing number of individuals, including university students, engaging with them extensively. This widespread use of social networking sites (SNSs) has raised concerns about the potentially addictive nature of these platforms and their impact on the psychosomatic health of young adults. University students, in particular, are considered a vulnerable population due to their heavy reliance on SNSs for communication, information sharing, and entertainment (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017). Research into the addictive nature of social media usage has been a focal point in recent years. Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, and Pallesen (2012) developed the Facebook Addiction Scale, which revealed that individuals could develop addictive tendencies towards social networking sites, leading to adverse effects on their overall well-being. These addictive behaviours have been associated with a range of psychosomatic health problems, such as anxiety, depression, and interpersonal difficulties. In the context of university students in Western Odisha, India, the relationship between social media addiction and psychosomatic health has garnered attention. A study by Behera, Gartia, and Pachori (2022) investigated the SNS usage patterns of 277 university students and found a significant association between social media use and psychosomatic health problems. Notably, this association was stronger for females than for males (Kumar Behera et al., 2022), highlighting the relevance of gender perspectives in understanding this phenomenon. The negative impact of excessive social media usage on the mental health of university students has been extensively documented. Onyeizu (2022) reported that increased social media use was linked to poorer social interactions and mental health outcomes among students. Apuke (2018) identified various detrimental effects of social media addiction, including sleep deprivation, fatigue, and blurred vision in students. Furthermore, Islam (2020) revealed that students’ excessive engagement with social media had a negative impact on their self-esteem and self-worth, affecting their overall well-being. Several studies have emphasized the alarming prevalence of social media addiction among university students. Hammad (2023) found that a staggering 60% of students suffered from social media addiction, and this addiction was a significant predictor of depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Akurathi (2021) concluded that social media overuse was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety in students. Similarly, Sarwar (2022) discovered a positive correlation between social media addiction and depression, with the severity of addiction directly proportional to the level of depression experienced by students. Exploring the factors contributing to social media addiction, Köse (2019) identified a relationship between addiction levels and the number of Instagram followers. Notably, students with fake accounts and those engaged in stalking behaviours exhibited higher addiction rates. Additionally, a moderate negative correlation between selfesteem and social media addiction was observed, suggesting that students with lower self-esteem were more prone to addictive social media behaviours. Considering the reasons behind social media usage patterns, Aslan (2020) found that students primarily used social media for communication with friends, listening to music, and sharing content. Gender differences were evident, as males preferred social media for following groups, playing games, and meeting new people. Males also exhibited higher addiction levels, often prioritizing social media over responsibilities. Younger students and those with longer and more frequent social media usage demonstrated higher addiction rates. The factors most strongly correlated with addiction were relapse and conflict, with conflict being the most influential factor. In a study specific to university students in India, Behera and Gartia (2023) reported a significant association between SNS usage and increased levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Notably, this negative impact was more pronounced among females than males (Kumar Behera & Gartia, 2023), emphasizing the importance of considering gender perspectives in understanding social media addiction’s psychosomatic health implications. An array of research highlights the concerning prevalence of social media addiction among university students and its adverse impact on their mental health and overall well-being (Onyeizu 2022; Apuke 2018; Islam 2020; Hammad 2023; Akurathi 2021; Sarwar 2022; Köse 2019; Aslan 2020). As this phenomenon continues to grow, it becomes imperative to address social media addiction promptly and implement interventions to support the psychological health and academic success of university students in Western Odisha. This research aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge and provide insights into the complex interplay between social media addiction and psychosomatic health, considering gender and BMI perspectives, thereby fostering the development of effective intervention strategies for this vulnerable population.
Social media platforms have become an integral part of modern life, with an increasing number of individuals, including university students, engaging with them extensively. This widespread use of social networking sites (SNSs) has raised concerns about the potentially addictive nature of these platforms and their impact on the psychosomatic health of young adults. University students, in particular, are considered a vulnerable population due to their heavy reliance on SNSs for communication, information sharing, and entertainment (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017). Research into the addictive nature of social media usage has been a focal point in recent years. Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, and Pallesen (2012) developed the Facebook Addiction Scale, which revealed that individuals could develop addictive tendencies towards social networking sites, leading to adverse effects on their overall well-being. These addictive behaviours have been associated with a range of psychosomatic health problems, such as anxiety, depression, and interpersonal difficulties. In the context of university students in Western Odisha, India, the relationship between social media addiction and psychosomatic health has garnered attention. A study by Behera, Gartia, and Pachori (2022) investigated the SNS usage patterns of 277 university students and found a significant association between social media use and psychosomatic health problems. Notably, this association was stronger for females than for males (Kumar Behera et al., 2022), highlighting the relevance of gender perspectives in understanding this phenomenon. The negative impact of excessive social media usage on the mental health of university students has been extensively documented. Onyeizu (2022) reported that increased social media use was linked to poorer social interactions and mental health outcomes among students. Apuke (2018) identified various detrimental effects of social media addiction, including sleep deprivation, fatigue, and blurred vision in students. Furthermore, Islam (2020) revealed that students’ excessive engagement with social media had a negative impact on their self-esteem and self-worth, affecting their overall well-being. Several studies have emphasized the alarming prevalence of social media addiction among university students. Hammad (2023) found that a staggering 60% of students suffered from social media addiction, and this addiction was a significant predictor of depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Akurathi (2021) concluded that social media overuse was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety in students. Similarly, Sarwar (2022) discovered a positive correlation between social media addiction and depression, with the severity of addiction directly proportional to the level of depression experienced by students. Exploring the factors contributing to social media addiction, Köse (2019) identified a relationship between addiction levels and the number of Instagram followers. Notably, students with fake accounts and those engaged in stalking behaviours exhibited higher addiction rates. Additionally, a moderate negative correlation between selfesteem and social media addiction was observed, suggesting that students with lower self-esteem were more prone to addictive social media behaviours. Considering the reasons behind social media usage patterns, Aslan (2020) found that students primarily used social media for communication with friends, listening to music, and sharing content. Gender differences were evident, as males preferred social media for following groups, playing games, and meeting new people. Males also exhibited higher addiction levels, often prioritizing social media over responsibilities. Younger students and those with longer and more frequent social media usage demonstrated higher addiction rates. The factors most strongly correlated with addiction were relapse and conflict, with conflict being the most influential factor. In a study specific to university students in India, Behera and Gartia (2023) reported a significant association between SNS usage and increased levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Notably, this negative impact was more pronounced among females than males (Kumar Behera & Gartia, 2023), emphasizing the importance of considering gender perspectives in understanding social media addiction’s psychosomatic health implications. An array of research highlights the concerning prevalence of social media addiction among university students and its adverse impact on their mental health and overall well-being (Onyeizu 2022; Apuke 2018; Islam 2020; Hammad 2023; Akurathi 2021; Sarwar 2022; Köse 2019; Aslan 2020). As this phenomenon continues to grow, it becomes imperative to address social media addiction promptly and implement interventions to support the psychological health and academic success of university students in Western Odisha. This research aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge and provide insights into the complex interplay between social media addiction and psychosomatic health, considering gender and BMI perspectives, thereby fostering the development of effective intervention strategies for this vulnerable population.
OBJECTIVES
The study endeavours to achieve the following specific objectives:
- To investigate the correlation between addiction to social networking sites and BMI status among university students in Western Odisha.
- To explore gender differences in BMI status, the number of SNS accounts, health problems, SNS addiction, and academic performance among university students in Western Odisha.
HYPOTHESES
Based on the study’s objectives and the
available literature, the following unique
hypotheses are formulated:
H0
: There is no statistically significant
difference in the BMI, the total number of SNS
accounts, the addictiveness of SNS usage,
health issues, and the percentage of last test
marks earned between male and female
respondents.
H1
: There are considerable variations between
male and female respondents in terms of BMI,
the total number of SNS accounts, the
addictiveness of SNS use, health issues, and
the percentage of last test scores earned.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study Design and Participants This research employed a questionnaire survey design to gather data from university students in Western Odisha, India. A total of 300 participants, comprising 149(49.67%) males and 151(50.33%) females, were conveniently selected from GM University (GMU) and Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology (SUIIT) respectively. Care was taken to ensure representation from both institutions. Before data collection, the institutional ethics committee (IEC) at Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur provided ethical approval, and the participants provided their voluntary consent. Data Collection A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. The questionnaire encompassed various sections covering demographic information, social media usage patterns, the number of social media accounts, social media addiction, health problems, and academic performance. The design of the questionnaire drew upon existing scales and validated instruments from previous studies. Data Analysis The collected data underwent analysis using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 26.00. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, were employed to summarize the participants’ demographic characteristics and social media usage patterns. To investigate gender differences in BMI status, the number of social media accounts, health problem scores, and academic performance, the Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test and Chi-square Test were applied. Correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between social media addiction, BMI status, and health problems (Satici et al., 2021).
RESULTS
Demographic Characteristics The research encompassed a sample of 300 university students from Western Odisha, comprising 149(49.67%) males and 151(50.33%) females. These participants were selected from GM University and Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology respectively. Social Media Usage Patterns Analysis of the participants’ social media usage patterns revealed a range of different numbers of social media accounts. The number of accounts varied from one to five, with an average of 2.6 (Standard Deviation = 1.17). A significant majority of participants (72.3%) reported having two or more social media accounts. Gender Gender were analyzed in terms of BMI status, the number of social media accounts, and health problem scores. The outcomes revealed noteworthy gender disparities in BMI status (x 2 = 24.626, p < 0.01), the number of accounts (x 2 = 34.048, p < 0.01), and health problem scores (x 2 = 49.984, p < 0.01). However, no significant gender difference was observed in social media addiction (x 2= 1.035, p > 0.05) or academic performance (x 2= 11.881, p >0.05). BMI and Gender Analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis ‘H’ test indicated a significant divergence in BMI status between males and females. The mean rank for BMI status was significantly higher for males (169.04) than for females (132.21) (H = 17.593, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that males tend to have higher BMI levels compared to females within the study population. Health Problems and Gender Significant gender differences were observed in health problem scores, with females reporting higher scores than males. The mean rank for health problem scores was significantly higher for females (161.37) compared to males (139.49) (H = 4.813, p < 0.05). This implies that females may encounter a greater number of health problems associated with social media addiction. Number of Social Media Accounts and Gender: Gender disparities were also identified in the number of social media accounts. The mean rank for the number of accounts was significantly higher for males (167.57) compared to females (133.65) (H = 11.825, p < 0.01). This suggests that males tend to possess a greater number of social media accounts than females.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study Design and Participants This research employed a questionnaire survey design to gather data from university students in Western Odisha, India. A total of 300 participants, comprising 149(49.67%) males and 151(50.33%) females, were conveniently selected from GM University (GMU) and Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology (SUIIT) respectively. Care was taken to ensure representation from both institutions. Before data collection, the institutional ethics committee (IEC) at Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur provided ethical approval, and the participants provided their voluntary consent. Data Collection A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. The questionnaire encompassed various sections covering demographic information, social media usage patterns, the number of social media accounts, social media addiction, health problems, and academic performance. The design of the questionnaire drew upon existing scales and validated instruments from previous studies. Data Analysis The collected data underwent analysis using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 26.00. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, were employed to summarize the participants’ demographic characteristics and social media usage patterns. To investigate gender differences in BMI status, the number of social media accounts, health problem scores, and academic performance, the Kruskal-Wallis Rank Test and Chi-square Test were applied. Correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between social media addiction, BMI status, and health problems (Satici et al., 2021).
RESULTS
Demographic Characteristics The research encompassed a sample of 300 university students from Western Odisha, comprising 149(49.67%) males and 151(50.33%) females. These participants were selected from GM University and Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology respectively. Social Media Usage Patterns Analysis of the participants’ social media usage patterns revealed a range of different numbers of social media accounts. The number of accounts varied from one to five, with an average of 2.6 (Standard Deviation = 1.17). A significant majority of participants (72.3%) reported having two or more social media accounts. Gender Gender were analyzed in terms of BMI status, the number of social media accounts, and health problem scores. The outcomes revealed noteworthy gender disparities in BMI status (x 2 = 24.626, p < 0.01), the number of accounts (x 2 = 34.048, p < 0.01), and health problem scores (x 2 = 49.984, p < 0.01). However, no significant gender difference was observed in social media addiction (x 2= 1.035, p > 0.05) or academic performance (x 2= 11.881, p >0.05). BMI and Gender Analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis ‘H’ test indicated a significant divergence in BMI status between males and females. The mean rank for BMI status was significantly higher for males (169.04) than for females (132.21) (H = 17.593, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that males tend to have higher BMI levels compared to females within the study population. Health Problems and Gender Significant gender differences were observed in health problem scores, with females reporting higher scores than males. The mean rank for health problem scores was significantly higher for females (161.37) compared to males (139.49) (H = 4.813, p < 0.05). This implies that females may encounter a greater number of health problems associated with social media addiction. Number of Social Media Accounts and Gender: Gender disparities were also identified in the number of social media accounts. The mean rank for the number of accounts was significantly higher for males (167.57) compared to females (133.65) (H = 11.825, p < 0.01). This suggests that males tend to possess a greater number of social media accounts than females.
Table 1: Summary of Findings
The findings showed no gender differences
in the effects of social media addiction on
body mass index (BMI). However, there were
noticeable gender differences in BMI status,
the number of social networking site (SNS)
accounts, and the severity of health problems
(Wang et al., 2021). The Kruskal-Wallis test
showed that men’s BMI status was considerably greater than women’s. Similar
to how women scored much higher on health
problems than men did. Additionally,
compared to females, guys had a lot more
SNS accounts.
DISCUSSION
The findings of this study shed light on the relationship between social media addiction and psychosomatic health among university students in Western Odisha. The higher BMI status observed among male students aligns with previous research highlighting gender disparities in body composition and weight management (Flegal et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2014). This finding emphasizes the need to focus on promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours among male students, particularly those who are addicted to social media, to mitigate the potential risk of increased BMI. Moreover, the higher number of social media accounts among male students suggests that they may be more actively engaged in using various social media platforms. This finding is consistent with prior studies that have indicated gender differences in social media usage patterns, with males showing greater involvement (Seo & Houston, 2018; Wang et al., 2019). Understanding the reasons behind these gender disparities in social media usage can provide valuable insights for future interventions and policies. The study’s results also have implications for healthcare practitioners, educators, and policymakers, providing them with valuable information to develop preventive measures against social media addiction’s detrimental effects on students’ health and well-being (Koessmeier et al., 2021). The higher health problem scores among female students compared to their male counterparts suggest that females may be more susceptible to experiencing psychosomatic health issues associated with social media addiction. Therefore, targeted interventions and support may be necessary to address female students’ specific mental health needs in relation to their social media use. While the study offers valuable insights, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations, such as the reliance on self-reported data and its focus on a specific region and university student population. Future research should aim to incorporate more diverse samples and employ objective measures to overcome these limitations and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of social media addiction on university students’ psychosomatic health. By addressing these limitations, future studies can contribute to the development of evidence-based interventions to promote healthier social media use and improve the overall well-being of university students.
DISCUSSION
The findings of this study shed light on the relationship between social media addiction and psychosomatic health among university students in Western Odisha. The higher BMI status observed among male students aligns with previous research highlighting gender disparities in body composition and weight management (Flegal et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2014). This finding emphasizes the need to focus on promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours among male students, particularly those who are addicted to social media, to mitigate the potential risk of increased BMI. Moreover, the higher number of social media accounts among male students suggests that they may be more actively engaged in using various social media platforms. This finding is consistent with prior studies that have indicated gender differences in social media usage patterns, with males showing greater involvement (Seo & Houston, 2018; Wang et al., 2019). Understanding the reasons behind these gender disparities in social media usage can provide valuable insights for future interventions and policies. The study’s results also have implications for healthcare practitioners, educators, and policymakers, providing them with valuable information to develop preventive measures against social media addiction’s detrimental effects on students’ health and well-being (Koessmeier et al., 2021). The higher health problem scores among female students compared to their male counterparts suggest that females may be more susceptible to experiencing psychosomatic health issues associated with social media addiction. Therefore, targeted interventions and support may be necessary to address female students’ specific mental health needs in relation to their social media use. While the study offers valuable insights, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations, such as the reliance on self-reported data and its focus on a specific region and university student population. Future research should aim to incorporate more diverse samples and employ objective measures to overcome these limitations and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of social media addiction on university students’ psychosomatic health. By addressing these limitations, future studies can contribute to the development of evidence-based interventions to promote healthier social media use and improve the overall well-being of university students.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We extend our sincere gratitude to the
participants for their invaluable contributions
and support. Special thanks to Dr. Rajendra
Gartia for his guidance. We acknowledge G.
M. University, Sambalpur for providing
necessary resources and a conducive research
environment. We are grateful to ICSSR, the Ministry of Education, Government of India,
for the Doctoral Fellowship. Our heartfelt
appreciation goes to Hariom Sir, our family,
friends, and all who provided guidance and
feedback, refining our work.
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Conflict of Interest: None
Conflict of Interest: None
Ethical Approval:
The present study adhered to the ethical guidelines and principles set forth by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) at Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur. Ethical clearance for the research was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) at Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur, under reference number 9861, on July 1, 2023.
Role of Funding Source:
The research received financial support from the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), Ministry of Education, Government of India. However, the funding source played no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript writing, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
The present study adhered to the ethical guidelines and principles set forth by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) at Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur. Ethical clearance for the research was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) at Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur, under reference number 9861, on July 1, 2023.
Role of Funding Source:
The research received financial support from the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), Ministry of Education, Government of India. However, the funding source played no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript writing, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
ISSN: 2582-1393 (Online)